Alzheimer's disease is a complex and progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. While the exact cause of Alzheimer's remains elusive, researchers have identified several factors that contribute to its development. This article explores the key factors believed to play a role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Genetics play a significant role in the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. There are two types of genes associated with the disease: deterministic genes and risk genes. APP, PSEN1, PSEN2 are rare and deterministic genes that are linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Deterministic genes are genes that directly cause Alzheimer's and guarantee that an individual will develop the disease. APOE ε4 allele is a risk gene that increases the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease. Individuals with one copy of APOE ε4 allele have an increased risk. Individuals with two copies have an even higher risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
Age is the most significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The likelihood of developing the condition doubles approximately every five years after the age of 65. By the age of 85, the risk reaches nearly one-third of the population. The aging process is associated with various biological changes that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's, including the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.
The hallmark features of Alzheimer's disease are the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain. Amyloid plaques are clumps of protein fragments that accumulate between nerve cells. Amyloid plaques are believed to disrupt cell communication and trigger inflammatory responses that can lead to cell death. Tau tangles are twisted fibers of a protein called tau that accumulate inside the brain cells. In healthy cells tau helps stabilize microtubules, which are essential for cell structure and transport. In Alzheimer's tau becomes hyperphosphorylated or altered structure and forms tangles leading to cell dysfunction and death.
Chronic inflammation in the brain is another contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease. The brain's immune cells, known as microglia, become activated in response to amyloid plaques and tau tangles. While this immune response is intended to protect the brain, it can become overactive and lead to further neuronal damage. This neuroinflammation is thought to play a critical role in the progression of Alzheimer's.
Things like cardiovascular health, physical activity, cognitive engagement, and diet all play a role in Alzheimer's disease. Cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol can increase the risk of Alzheimer's. Cardiovascular health can be managed through diet, exercise, and regular check-ups. Regular physical exercise is linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline. Exercise promotes blood flow to the brain and may help reduce inflammation and improve overall brain health. Engaging in mentally stimulating activities like reading, puzzles, and social interactions can potentially delay the onset of Alzheimer's symptoms. Diets rich in antioxidants, health fats, and low in processed sugars, have been associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline. There is a link between the following and Alzheimer's disease: depression, sleep disorders, and head injuries.
While the exact causes of Alzheimer's disease remain unclear, it is evident that a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to its development. Ongoing research continues to explore these factors in greater depth, with the hope of identifying effective prevention and treatment strategies. Understanding the causes of Alzheimer's is crucial for developing interventions that can improve the quality of life for those affected by this challenging disease.
Alzheimer's disease can make it challenging for you to get through your daily routine; a caregiver can help! A caregiver can help with your entire daily routine. Caregivers can help with your morning routine including breakfast, morning hygiene, and assistance with medication self administration. Caregivers can also help with exercise, activities throughout the day, and family visits. For more information on how a caregiver can help click here. To take the first step to getting a caregiver click here to view our care plan form.